Safavid and Ottoman governments were contemporary to each other and had many cultural and artistic commonalities. One of these commonalities is in the field of music, which is worthy of investigation from various aspects. In this research, with descriptive-analytical, historical and comparative methods, the differences and similarities of Safavid and Ottoman music in the stringed instruments found in the paintings have been studied. Paintings, as the only visual documents, show the changes and diversity of instruments better than any other source. In the field of stringed instruments, the images of the Safavid and Ottoman eras have similarities and differences. These two periods are common in some musical instruments and have been influenced by each other. Common stringed instruments such as harp, oud, tambur and fiddle are depicted in the paintings of the Safavid and Ottoman eras. In the paintings of the Ottoman period, stringed instruments such as Qopuz and Shahroud can be seen, which are not present in the paintings of the Safavid period. Based on the structure of the instruments in the paintings as well as the historical precedence and delay of these images, it can be concluded that the influence of the Ottomans was greater than the Iranians, but more research is needed to achieve the certainty of this achievement.

Background and Aim: Frequency discrimination is an important skill in central auditory processing which plays a critical role in proper reading, writing, and speech perception. Music training is among the ways that improve this skill. Most of the reviewed literature is based on the impact of learning music on the early stages of childhood. Therefore, if the tests used in the assessment of central auditory system are proved to be effective in music training in adulthood, they could be recommended as an appropriate option for adult central auditory processing disorder rehabilitation. This study aimed to investigate the effects of learning to play stringed instruments in adulthood on frequency discrimination by pitch pattern sequence test.Methods: This cross-sectional and non-interventional study was performed on 46 normal hearing subjects aged 20-45 years, 28 nonmusicians and 18 musicians who were trained to play music as an adult. They were compared by PPST. The results were analyzed by 2-way analysis of variance.Results: There was a significant difference between the average scores of the two groups, the non-musicians and the musicians, for both ears (p<0.001). On the other hand, there was no significant difference between the two test results in both groups gender wise (p>0.05).Conclusion: More correct answers of musicians indicated their better frequency discrimination compared to non-musicians, which could be a reason for improvement in the performance of the central auditory system caused by music training even in the verge of adulthood.

In this study a new severe plastic deformation method named noncircular thin section cyclic extrusion–compression (NCTS-CEC) is proposed for processing ultrafine-grained noncircular thin section beams. In this technique, the total length of noncircular L shaped section is passed through a neck zone and experiences severe plastic strains. Therefore, the high amount of accumulated plastic strain could be imposed by repeating the number of process cycles. In the first section of study, the AM60 Magnesium alloy is inserted into die and deformed by punch in different cycles. The observations by optical and SEM microscopes showed the formation of about 5 μm fine grains from the initial value of 75 μm after processing by two cycles of the NCTS-CEC. Also, the mechanical properties including yield strength, UTS, elongation and microhardness are evaluated at different cycles of NCTS-CEC processing. The obtained results showed the increase of yield strength and UTS to 136.9MPa and 286.7 MPa from the initial values of 89.5 MPa and 227.3 MPa, respectively. The Vickers microhardness is increased to 89HV from the initial value of 54HV at the end of second cycle. Also, the elongation of processed sample is increased to 14.4% from 11.3% due to texture evolution, grain refinement and breakage of brittle eutectic phases at the end of second cycle. The cellular automaton (CA) finite element method was implemented to simulate the process to predict the microstructure evolution of AM60. The obtained results from cellular automaton finite element (CAFE) and experimental methods were in good agreement.

This paper addresses the scientific realism debate by giving thought to the epistemic status of scientific instruments. The paper claims that a perspectivist yet realist view is capable of explaining the role of instruments in science. Thus, instrumental perspectivism is defined and supported against the following three criticisms. 1- Perspectivism leads to relativism. 2- Perspectivists’ view that instruments represent reality partially is trivial. 3- The perspectivist claim that instruments are not transparent is either trivial or unacceptable. In response, I defend a realist version of perspectivism on the basis of the concept of “robustness”. I also argue that perspectivism has interesting implications for the plurality of scientific representations and for teaching science to the public. Furthermore, I explain that the (post)phenomenological account of “mediation” sheds light on the assertion that instruments are not transparent.

In this work, eigen modes and eigen frequencies of the body (sound board and sound box) of the setar, a persian stringed musical instrument, are studied. Eigen modes of the sound board and the whole body, neglecting the holes, are calculated independently and analyzed comparatively. This scheme of separate modal analyses for different parts of the setar will lead to the understanding of their individual roles in the overall output sound. In categorizing and assessment of sound quality of musical instruments, the study of characteristics of frequency response function (ERF) is important. In case of stringed musical instruments like setar, of the defining parameters are the first peak of FRF and its location. This first peak usually coincides with first air eigen frequency which in the present research occurs at about 377 Hz. Thus, all the other eigen modes like 588 Hz and 740 Hz, construct the rest of the FRF. Also, the effects of such as sound board thickness, wood material properties shape of sound box and other structural features of setar on two value of eigon frequencies can assessed. Furthermore, analysis of the aero-acoustic pressure contours and the eigen modes of the setar structure (sound board and box) and air allows the nature (air, structure or coupled air-structure) of a acoustic mode to be determined.

Background: A review of the sterilization principles in operation Objectives: Declaration of the method of sterilization and disinfection of facilities and instruments.  Methods: Studying The literature has been published related to the sterilization approach and process. Results: Understanding and properly performing sterilization and sanitization techniques are critical for reaching a successful surgery. Sterilization is a precise term that means destroying all microorganisms in or on an object, including bacteria, viruses, spores, and fungi. Sterilization can be done through chemical or physical methods, with various advantages and disadvantages including speed, application, complications, and costs. There are a lot of dos and don'ts in this procedure.  The product's sterility assurance level is the probability that a viable microorganism is present on a product after sterilization. For sterilization, they mostly use steam under pressure, dry heat, and ethylene hydrogen oxide gas According to a classification, the equipment is classified into three critical, semi-critical, and non-critical categories. Essentially, critical equipment is those items that, if contaminated, are associated with a clinical risk of infection due to contact with the bloodstream or sterile tissues and, it is a must to be sterile to lead a good operation.  This category includes surgical instruments, catheters, needles, and implants, which must be sterile. Semi-critical equipment comes into contact with mucous membranes or healthy skin, such as tracheal tubes, laryngoscopes, and esophageal probes. These items and instruments must be sterilized. Non-critical equipment are those that only come into contact with healthy skin. , such as stethoscopes, blood pressure cuffs, and wheeled beds for patient transfer, these items can be disinfected with medium-level disinfectants.   Conclusions: Reaching a certain sterilization needs accurate monitoring during the preparation of equipment for sterilization. It should be done scientifically to prevent infection and unwilling tolls.

Financial derivative instruments, which are created by financial experts, play an important role in the world of high finance. To deal with the risk, mainly price risk, these instruments have appeared and begun to change and promote day in, day out. Their importance may appear when it happens to them to be published more than base stock; great sum of money would be transferred by and ends by paying the difference in price, not caring for contents of contract. This research paper tends to have a juridical analyse over these instruments. Explaining these instruments, first their legal nature would be identified and then, juridical judgment would be inferred. Most of the instruments which are created to satisfy the requirements of economic agents can be revised by law. May be, these instruments are misused, but this is incidental, as it may happen about other legitimate instruments like principle of commerce.

Industrial innovation and development in different stages of the product life cycle require different policy instruments. The weakness and lack of demand-side approaches in decision-making and policies for the development of science and technology indicates importance of the problem. In the first section of the article, by method of Meta Synthesis, were categorized demand-side policy instruments. This categorization was made into four categories: government purchasing, regulation, standardization and support for private sector. In the next section, the paper intends to place the demand-side instruments of the previous phase in stages of the product life cycle in knowledge-based companies. This step was carried out by descriptive-analytical method with sampling in three types of knowledge based companies in Hamedan province. The results of this stage showed that according to the type of knowledge-based company, effective demand-side instruments were different at each stage of the product life cycle. Demand-side policies are one of the most important issues for knowledge-based companies to commercialize products, and these policies need to combine and adapt to supply side policies.

Background and Aim: Many aspects and features of auditory system can be improved by musical training. This study aimed to investigate the effects of a stringed musical instrument playing course on temporal resolution and temporal fine structure (TFS) processing. Methods: This analytical cross-sectional study was conducted on 44 normal-hearing adults aged 20–, 40 years divided to two groups. The first group included 22 stringed musical instruments players (13 males) with at least three years of experience, and the second group were 22 non-players (13 males). The random gap detection test (RGDT) was used to measure temporal resolution aspect of hearing. For TFS processing, latest version of temporal fine structure-adaptive frequency (TFS-AF) test was used. Results: The TFS-AF results showed no statistically significant difference between groups in different interaural phase differences (IPDs). The RGDT results showed significant differences between groups at 500, 1000 and 2000 Hz, but not at 4000 Hz. Spearman correlation test results showed no statistically significant correlation between the results of TFS-AF and RGDT. Conclusion: Musical training has no effect on TFS processing but considerably enhances gap detection ability. Their underlying mechanisms for TFS processing and gap detection are different.